AOI uses optical imaging and image processing to identify defects on PCB assemblies. RGB lighting illuminates the solder joints from multiple angles, and a high-speed camera captures reflected light to generate image data. In the wave of data centers evolving towards 800G, 1. 6T, and even higher bandwidths, optical modules—as the core of network interconnects—are experiencing unprecedented increases in power consumption and thermal density. 6T, and beyond, every design decision directly impacts performance, reliability, and cost. While SMT is the default for most components, THT/through-hole soldering remains a critical enabler in optical-module PCB design thanks to unmatched mechanical. As artificial intelligence, 5G infrastructure, and hyperscale data centers demand ever-faster data transmission, optical modules have become the bedrock of modern communication. The physical interface is where even a flawless schematic typically fails in production.
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Corona discharge usually occurs in high-voltage systems unless steps have been taken to limit the range of the electric field. Besides producing a slow, buzzing sound, it also creates a bluish glow surrounding power lines. This phenomenon is not very different from a lightning bolt. The high-voltage experts at North Central Electric are here to spill the secrets so you can learn once and for all what all that buzzing is about. Have you ever heard a buzzing sound from the high power lines overhead or near transformers? These sounds are flat and monotonous but hard to ignore. What Causes Transformer Noise? Figure 1.
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